Abstract:
We present and evaluate a framework for constructing sketchy style
information visualizations that mimic data graphics drawn by hand. We provide
an alternative renderer for the Processing graphics environment that
redefines core drawing primitives including line, polygon and ellipse
rendering. These primitives allow higher-level graphical features such as bar
charts, line charts, treemaps and node-link diagrams to be drawn in a sketchy
style with a specified degree of sketchiness. The framework is designed to be
easily integrated into existing visualization implementations with minimal
programming modification or design effort. We show examples of use for
statistical graphics, conveying spatial imprecision and for enhancing
aesthetic and narrative qualities of visualization. We evaluate user
perception of sketchiness of areal features through a series of
stimulus-response tests in order to assess users' ability to place
sketchiness on a ratio scale, and to estimate area. Results suggest relative
area judgment is compromised by sketchy rendering and that its influence is
dependent on the shape being rendered. They show that degree of sketchiness
may be judged on an ordinal scale but that its judgement varies strongly
between individuals. We evaluate higher-level impacts of sketchiness through
user testing of scenarios that encourage user engagement with data
visualization and willingness to critique visualization design. Results
suggest that where a visualization is clearly sketchy, engagement may be
increased and that attitudes to participating in visualization annotation are
more positive. The results of our work have implications for effective
information visualization design that go beyond the traditional role of
sketching as a tool for prototyping or its use for an indication of general
uncertainty.